Pearl Harbor Awakening America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1098 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Pearl Harbor Essay Did you like this example? On December 7, 1941 Japanese planes streaked across the horizon around eight a.m., over the islands of Hawaii. Shortly after the Japanese arrival, bombs began dropping and explosions and shots rocked Pearl Harbor. Military personnel and troops rushed to action, but it was too late to stop the major destruction and carnage of Pearl Harbor. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pearl Harbor: Awakening America" essay for you Create order What seemed to be a Japanese victory over the U.S. turned out to be quite the opposite (Pearl Harbor 2009). Although the outcome and some general facts about the attack on Pearl Harbor are widely known, many things are less familiar. Some of these are Pearl Harbors background, the incidents that led up to the attack, what happened during the attack, what happened after, and a common disputed theory. Although Pearl Harbor was the location of a devastating attack by the Japanese forces during WWII, its background is very interesting. Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor located on Oahu Island, Hawaii. It has many purposes, many of which are still used today. Pearl Harbor is used as a U.S. naval base, and is the headquarters for the U.S. Pacific Fleet. It is also used as a port and refueling station (Wels 2001). The construction and development of Pearl Harbor took quite a while. It was surveyed by Lieutenant Wilkes in 1840, and after harbor rights were secured, construction began in 1898. A naval base was established on the island after 1908, and the drydock was completed in 1919. Pearl harbor was very important because of its natural defensive layout, and launchpad characteristics. The U.S. could house and launch their naval forces from Pearl Harbor, and the Japanese could use it as a base to launch attacks on the west coast (Pearl Harbor 2018). Before the Pearl Harbor attack, tension had arose between the Americans and the Japanese. As a part of Japans military campaign, Japan waged war against China, who seemed like an easy neighboring country to conquer. The U.S., already against the Japanese and their antics, sided with China. To try to stop the Japanese, the U.S. restricted Japanese trade and cut off the oil supply to Japan (Wels 2001). This was an easy fix for the Allies to stop the Japanese war machine, but it posed more of a problem than a solution. Shortly after trade with Japan was cut, negotiations for oil began. The U.S. and Japan tried to work out an agreement, but their objectives seemed too far apart and conflict seemed inevitable. While the U.S. housed meetings, the Japanese began planning for an attack; one that would shake the world (Pearl Harbor 2009). During the battle of Pearl Harbor many things went in the favor of the Japanese. On December 7, 1941 Japanese planes roared into Pearl Harbor just as many were waking up or getting ready to start their day. Bombs and gunfire rained on the harbor, but not much could have been done to stop this surprise attack by the Japanese. Japan chose to attack Pearl Harbor on this day at this time because of some very appealing occurrences (Wels 2001). Almost the entire U.S. Pacific Fleet was being housed at Pearl Harbor, and an attack in the early morning would catch the U.S. off guard. The U.S. took many losses at Pearl Harbor, but they still had a chance at a comeback. It just so happened their aircraft carriers were away at the time, and later in the war, they would be the main offensive power on the seas and air (Britannica 2018). Despite the fact Japan had gained a major victory over the U.S., all they did was awaken a major world power that would eventually be their demise. The U.S. took many heavy losses, but that didnt stop them from rebuilding. The oil storage, repair shops, and submarine docks were also left intact or functional, which helped the U.S. repair quickly and spring into action. The attack also sparked a sense of revenge, patriotism, and nationalism which helped the U.S. bounce back and amass a military made of volunteers geared towards a Japanese destruction. Very quickly, the U.S. had nearly rebuilt their naval force and assembled a prodigious army. By then, the attack on Pearl Harbor had proved to be a major mistake by the Japanese. They had brought upon themselves a powerful and enraged country. Some would say Pearl Harbor was the reason the Axis powers lost WWII. On the surface, Pearl Harbor only seems to be a surprise attack gone wrong, but there may have been more. It is suspected, but not proven, that FDR may have had ulterior motives such. There are claims that Pearl Harbor was a provoked attack to manipulate the U.S. into war. Originally, President Franklin Roosevelt ran his campaign advertising to keep America out of war and rebuild the economy, but during WWII, he seemed to take sides and strongly supported the Allies. He wanted to involve the U.S., but did not want to blatantly go back on his words (Franklin D. Roosevelt: Foreign Affairs 2018). There were also other suspicious actions that were not thoroughly explained. For example, FDR wanted to create an even larger military with a peacetime draft for security reasons. However, this would not have been necessary if he wanted neutrality and isolationism. Whilst some argue for the largely disputed back door to war theory, many historians dont agree with it. It is only a speculation o r theory that has been unproven, and many facts go against it (Dallek 2018). The attack on Pearl Harbor was a terrible event that will be remembered forever, but American involvement in WWII was almost inevitable. In spite of what happened, everyone should work towards a future where the same atrocious things will not happen again. One of the things we can do is learn about the event. From learning about where, when, why, and how it occurred, to learning about possible theories, and how to learn from humanitys mistakes. Works Cited Franklin D. Roosevelt: Foreign Affairs. Miller Center, 24 July 2018, https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/foreign-affairs. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Pearl Harbor. Encyclop? ¦dia Britannica, Encyclop? ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 8 Nov. 2017, www.britannica.com/topic/Pearl-Harbor. Dallek, Robert. Pearl Harbor and the Back Door to War Theory. Encyclop? ¦dia Britannica, Encyclop? ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 7 May 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Pearl-Harbor-and-the-back-door-to-war-theory-1688287#ref713829. Pearl Harbor. History.com, AE Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Pearl Harbor Attack. Encyclop? ¦dia Britannica, Encyclop? ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 1 Nov. 2018, www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack. Wels, Susan. Pearl Harbor. Time-Life/Tehabi Books, 2001.

The Death Penalty Is Inhumane - 1494 Words

They say the death penalty is inhumane, but people will never know unless they have someone close to them killed, raped, mutilated in ways that couldn’t even be replicated in the movie theaters. Who could possibly be qualified to make such a judgment? Is it judges or jurors? Is it even ethically or morally correct to do so? Since the beginning of time, different methods of execution have been used. These forms have been hanging, guillotine, gas chambers, electric chair, drowning, torched, and firing squads. The first recorded execution was in 1608 and it was for treason. The creator of the death penalty was King Hammurabi of Babylon, and it could be issued for 25 different crimes. Throughout time the British improvised it and it influenced every other country, specially the United States. Some countries use it as a form of population control, others as a show of force. But even still to this day, the world is still individually split on whether they should keep the death penal ty or abolish it. The reason people still to this day argue the fact that the capital punishment should be used, is because it bring a sense of satisfaction to the family of the victim, it puts fear within society’s, it eliminates over crowdedness within the prisons, and the mental and physical stress inmates go through. However, people argue it should be abolished because it doesn’t deter crime; there is a chance of executing the wrong individual, cost to taxpayers, discrimination against skin color,Show MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Inhumane1441 Words   |  6 PagesDeath row inmates around the world are held in appalling conditions: the cells are not suitable for a human being; the dietary regime is inadequate; and access to medical care is difficult. â€Å"Not only are inmates placed in physically cruel and unusual circumstances, but their mind is also greatly affected by their situation, with many death row inmates suffering from mental illness and mental disabilities as a result of their death sentence,† stresses the World Coalition Against the Death PenaltyRead MoreDeath Penalty Inhumane1011 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. The death penalty is a concerning factor around the world, because killing a person goes against basis moral law. As long as the death penalty has been standing so has the argument against itself that the death penalty is sinking down to the level of the criminal. While many people agree with the death penalty, killing people as a punishment is wrong, because it is inhumane, costly, and risky forRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Wrong And Inhumane Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesto death is difficult to completely comprehend. The physical procedure involved in the act of execution are easy to grasp, but the emotions involved in carrying out a death sentence on another person, regardless of how much they deserve it, is beyond comprehension. This act has been critiqued by many people from all around the world and it is our responsibility as a society to see that capital punishment is wrong and inhumane . Some oppositions to the death penalty include racial bias in death sentencingRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Cruel And Inhumane2667 Words   |  11 Pagesstudents are making out in the hallways with minor penalties, a man was publicly humiliated for kissing his wife in public (Cox). Acts like this were punished commonly during the colonial times. In the early American colonies, religious authorities established punishments for actions they presumed to be crimes, but as time passed, laws evolved to protect people from cruel and unusual punishments. The colonial treatments were harsh, cruel and inhumane. These treatments, more commonly known as punishmentsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is An Inhumane Capital Punishment882 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty is an inhumane capital punishment that is accompanied by many disadvantages. Among these are; the deaths of innocent people, failed executions, and morality of human execution. We are all people and just like justice Thurgood Marshall said, â€Å"No matter how careful courts are, the possibility of perjured testimony, mistaken honest testimony, and human error remain all too real. We have no way of judging how many innocent persons have been executed, but we can be certain that thereRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Humane Or Inhumane Form Of Justice1731 Words   |  7 PagesThis is where the death penalty issue comes into play. The death penalty has been around for thousands of years and, compared to the past, has changed dramatically. For example, people used to be publically tortured and then executed in front of anyone who wanted to see unlike today, the most common practice used is the lethal injection. Yet, many people wonder whether capital punishment is a humane or inhumane form of justice. So, should all states implement the death penalty to reduce violent crimesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Considered Unethical Or Inhumane1569 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as the death penalty should not be considered unethical or inhumane. The death penalty may be difficult to understand, but based on recent studies, it is nearly proven that the death penalty will save money along with many other benefits. By using the death penalty it will eliminate same person crimes, will cause fear, will save money, and will open a jail cell. Also, fewer criminals will provide more food, shelter and drinks for crimes that aren’t as bad. By using the death penalty it would benefitRead More Death Penalty: Ineffective, Inhumane, and Immoral Essays1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe death penalty is the pivot of much controversy within our society and government. Most people deem it a touchy subject, rarely making it a hot topic amongst general conversations. The issue usually raises many a blood pressure and may even have the tendency to end life-long friendships. The country is split on the issue and does not seem to find the desire to come to a compromise. While this is not true, this does not quiet the voices of people arguing for capital punishment. The issue of deathRead MoreThe United States Should Abolish The Death Penalty970 Words   |  4 Pagesabout whether or not the United States should abolish the death penalty. The United States should not abolish this because those who commit a capital felony which is punishable by imprisonment or death, should serve a capital punishment which is the death penalty. Many believe that certain crimes such as rape and murder should punishable by the death penalty. Although many also see it as inhumane, many also view murder and rape as inhumane. One can view this as part of Hammburi’s Code law that statesRead MoreIntroduction Of The Death Penalty Debate1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Death Penalty Debate It was said by an Iowa State Supreme Court justice in the 1840s, â€Å"Crime indicates a diseased mind in the same manner that sickness and pain do a diseased body. And as in the one case we provide hospitals for the treatment of severe and contagious diseases, so in the other, prisons and asylums should be provided for similar reasons† (Banner, 2002, p.118). Individuals who have committed crimes serve their sentences and punishments, or are â€Å"treated†, in prisons

Small scale embedded generation Free Essays

Small graduated table air current energy Small graduated table embedded coevals is defined as â€Å" any beginning of electrical energy rated up to, and including, 16 A per stage, individual or multi-phase, 230/400V AC † [ 1 ] . In the instance of air current energy it is rather common to see little graduated table air current turbines as those rated less than 100kW. Small scale air current turbines offer several advantages over their large-scale opposite numbers although as a general regulation of pollex the entire cost of power coevals decreases with the size of the turbine. We will write a custom essay sample on Small scale embedded generation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Large graduated table air current energy production requires a large capital investing non merely due to the equipment cost but besides due to the really big windy sites required for installing. This makes smaller air current turbines more suited for applications such as â€Å" stray islands, individual homes, remote cabins, and street visible radiations † necessitating much less capital investing although the cost of per generated W additions [ 2 ] . The low power evaluation of little air current turbines allows the usage of technologically advanced solutions which would be hard to implement in the instance of e.g. a 5MW air current turbine. This makes the usage of a figure of smaller air current turbines with important cumulative end product power much more attractive. Furthermore, the power evaluation of a air current turbine additions with size doing environmental jobs and important noise. This makes the installing of high power rated wind turbines unsuitable for urban countries but largely suited for distant countries where the connexion to the grid is weak [ 3 ] . In the White Paper on Energy published by the UK authorities it was estimated that at 2007, in UK entirely, there were 20000 installed little graduated table air current turbines with a entire end product power of 7MW. This shows the important proportion of little graduated table air current power coevals in the renewable sector compared to the estimated 1300 photovoltaic UK installings. Furthermore, the mean cost of 7p/kWh makes little wind engineering much more attractive than solar PV energy with an mean cost of 24p/kWh but still considerable expensive compared to big graduated table systems holding an mean cost of 3p/kWh [ 4 ] . Wind turbine types There are two basic types of little graduated table air current turbines depending on the place of the rotor: horizontal axis and perpendicular axis turbines. The advantage of the perpendicular axis, besides called Savonius or Darrieus rotor, over the horizontal type is the fact that it operates irrespective of the way of the air current. Although most big graduated table air current turbines presents use horizontal type air current turbines, in little graduated table systems the perpendicular axis orientation is still rather common. The horizontal types can be subdivided into axial and cross depending on their orientation with regard to the way of the air current. Axial air current turbines are widely used in both little and big graduated table systems. Small air current turbines are offered with 2, 3 or more blades. Orientation is provided via either a tail or shaped blades [ 5 ] . The large difference of little graduated table air current turbines compared to big scale systems is that the blades are fixed and protection is offered through the aeromechanicss of the rotor. This is frequently referred to as stall control since the rotor stalls at high air current velocities offering the advantages of simpleness and less power fluctuations. The disadvantages over the pitch control method employed in big scale systems, where the angle of onslaught is controlled by altering the pitch angle of the blades, are that less power is extracted from the air current at low air current velocities while no aid is offered at start-up. Further, fluctuations in air denseness and the frequence of the grid can do fluctuations in the end product power [ 6 ] . In rural countries little graduated table air current turbines are normally mounted on a mast stopping point to a home. However in urban environments where non much infinite is available, they can be installed on the roof of a edifice. The disadvantage of this installing is the turbulency of the air created by the orientation of the infinite environing the edifice. This can be overcome by modifying the construction of the edifice in order to steer the air to flux through the turbine blades. Very little air current turbines are besides mounted on sailing boats. Finally note that with little graduated table air current turbines no connexion in the grid substation is required ; the turbine can straight be connected in the local distribution system [ 5 ] . Another categorization of air current turbines is made with regard to the velocity of the rotor. Most little graduated table systems nowadays use variable velocity turbines in which the rotational velocity of the generator alterations in order to maximize the power extracted from the air current. As a consequence, blasts of air current are largely absorbed by fluctuations of the rotational velocity of the generator maintaining the torsion, and therefore the end product power, comparatively changeless. In contrast, fixed velocity turbines maintain the rotational velocity of the rotor changeless irrespective of the air current velocity while commanding the extracted power by changing the weaving sets. Fixed velocity turbines use initiation generators and offer simpleness, dependability, hardiness and low cost at the disbursal of reactive power ingestion for the exhilaration of the generator and increased mechanical emphasis and line losingss. These losingss are caused by electromotive force fluctuations that may happen due to alterations in power as a consequence of air current velocity fluctuations. On the other manus variable velocity air current turbines use either synchronal or initiation generators and are connected to the grid via a convertor which controls the velocity of the generator. Although fluctuations in end product power are smaller and mechanical emphasis in the aerodynamic system is less than in the instance of fixed velocity turbines, the debut of power electronic devices increases the complexness and cost of the system while extra losingss occur in the convertor [ 6 ] . Generators In general two types of generators are used widely in air current turbines: initiation and synchronal generators each with its relevant advantages and disadvantages. Initiation generators have governed the industry particularly in big scale air current systems. However little graduated table air current turbines have started to be dominated by lasting magnet synchronal machines. The biggest difference of a synchronal and an initiation generator is that the former operates at the frequence of the grid while the latter at a higher frequence. In both generators the stator is made of a laminated Fe nucleus fitted with a three stage weaving bring forthing a revolving magnetic field with changeless velocity. However the rotors in the two machines are different. In a synchronal generator the field twist of the rotor is fed with a DC current making a magnetic field. The interaction between the two Fieldss causes the rotor to revolve in synchrony with the stator field. In an initiation genera tor the rotor is non fed with current but the currents are induced due to the comparative motion of the rotor with regard to the magnetic field of the stator. The difference between the synchronal velocity and the rotational velocity of the rotor is called faux pas [ 7 ] . Initiation generators can be either squirrel coop or lesion rotor type. Squirrel coop generators are really efficient and require small care but a gear box between rotor and generator must be used since they rotate at different velocities. Their ability to somewhat alter their rotational velocity for big fluctuations of air current velocities makes them ideal for usage in fixed velocity air current turbines. However their steep torque-speed characteristic together with the high inpouring currents can do terrible electromotive force depressions and do necessary the usage of a soft starting motor. The torsion velocity characteristic can be modified with the usage of a lesion rotor where the opposition of the rotor twist can alter but the overall cost of the rotor increases [ 5 page66 ] . If for illustration the generator has high inpouring currents, the opposition of the twist can be increased at start-up therefore bring forthing high get downing torsion with low current. However this opposition must be decreased at high velocities to forestall big fluctuations of velocity with relevant torsion alterations caused by the alteration of the torsion velocity characteristic. Wound rotor generators are normally used with variable velocity air current turbines and in concurrence with an optically controlled convertor that modifies the opposition of the rotor twist. In general initiation generators are efficient, although less efficient than synchronal generators, and robust while there are minimal demands for care. Furthermore their big production has dropped down the cost of industry. Another advantage is that they can merely be connected to the grid either by conveying the rotor to rated velocity and so link the generator to the grid or by linking the generator to the grid and utilize it as a motor to convey the rotor in the rated velocity [ 9 page 229 ] . Either instance synchrony is non required. The large disadvantage of initiation generators it the demand for reactive power to excite the stator nucleus which must be provided either by the grid or a power convertor. The corresponding decrease in burden power factor can be compensated with the usage of capacitance Bankss [ 6 page67 ] . Synchronous generators are expensive and require care but they are really efficient and have the large advantage of control over reactive power flow through control of the field weaving [ 8 p121 ] . This gives full control over the electromotive force at the terminuss of the generator. A disadvantage of synchronal machines is that when connected to the grid particular synchronism equipment is needed to fit the electrical angle of the AC power with the angular place of the rotor. Another disadvantage is that they are comparatively stiff machines compared to initiation generators due to their changeless velocity feature. As a consequence they respond to sudden blasts of air current or mistakes in an oscillating manner by changing merely the burden angle which can do instability and loss of synchrony. Permanent magnet Synchronous machines Power electronics Open circuit mistakes AC and DC collection effects of small-scale air current generators p.124 Suitable design†¦ p.1 Comparison of power convertor topologies p.2359 the feasibleness of edifice p.11 little air current turbines in the built.. p.1 air current power in power systems p.55 air current energy engineering toilet f. Walker page 46 Renewable energy in power systems air current energy explained How to cite Small scale embedded generation, Essay examples

Marketing Communication Plan for Taro Cash-Samples for Students

Question: Using an Australian Organisation develop an Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Plan that will increase its brand awareness by 20%. Your IMC plan can be implemented in a new or existing market Australian or global market. Answer: Introduction Taro Cash is a trusted and smart brand for day-to-day clothing needs for men. The company has affordable and accessible styles. In fact, Taro Cash has become a profitable men's clothing brand in Australia as well as New Zealand supported with over 100 retail outlets. The initial values of delivering service are still there. Moreover, Taro Cash symbolizes value, quality in addition to being fashionable with their clothes. The retailer provides fashion trends suited for their clientele every season. Additionally, Taro Cash is proud to offer a wide scope of sizes for a good fitting. The clothing retailer could do with an IMC plan since they plan to expand to neighboring countries. Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is the combination of all marketing communications exercises. To numerous, IMC has turned out to be perceived as the way toward incorporating every one of the components of the special blend. While this might be viewed as a satisfactory working definition, it neglects to feature various critical highlights which IMC should grasp. Anna Telin (2016) define IMC is a procedure for dealing with the client connections that drive mark esteem. All the more particularly, it is a cross-useful process to make and sustain profitable companies with customers as well as associates through intentionally monitoring every message directed at such groups then permitting data-driven, planned interchange with the customers. While Fillis (2010) defines IMC as an association's combined, organized drive to advance a brand idea using numerous communications apparatuses that 'talk with a solitary voice.' These definitions shift significantly regarding their unpredictability and, to some degree, their accentuations. Despite the fact that a far-reaching definition might be bulky, it ought to have the capacity to catch the quintessence and culmination of integrated marketing communications better. The primary advantage got from the integration of marketing communications is cooperative energy. Collaboration or cooperative energy has been depicted as the 2 + 2 = 5 wonder. By combining the different features of marketing communications in a commonly strong also, improving way then the subsequent 'entire' is more than the basic whole of its parts. Creative Idea The creative idea for Taro Cash is to set up a style control for their site with the goal that guests and supporters can get thoughts on the most proficient method to wear attire, and even fuse pieces into their current closet. They should try not to restrain themselves to only one guide. Style aides should be possible regularly (winter, fall, summer, and spring), for unique events (wedding ceremony festivity, excursion), occasions (fourth of July, New Year's day, Christmas), and for more topical subjects: travel, work, end of the week, shoreline. Feedback Aides or style guides can be recorded as a unique area on the companys website and joined into their blog, where they can give more top to bottom data on everything in the gathering. Moreover, Taro Cash can take a stab at recounting a story with the style manual for intriguing a client. The advancement of an innovative brief will guarantee that all correspondence is integrated and targeted to the suitable gatherings of people. Every single innovative piece must stick to the brief. What is being advertised? Mens attire for any season Whom are we trying to appeal? Australians and potential customers in New Zealand What potential customers currently think Taro Cash deals in secondhand clothing in addition to hosting irregular events What Taro Cash would like to convey The company strives to cover an individuals clothing requirements when given the opportunity Any mandatories and creative guidelines Taro Cash logo and the tagline in every merchandise Expression tone Genuine and selfless Communication Objectives and Positioning Strategy The target of a subject is to advance a repeating thought a BIG thought - about an item or service with the goal that each time the purchaser hears the jingle, hears the motto or sees the logo, the customer will be helped to remember that specific item or service. For instance, the brilliant curves are a fantastic suggestion to youthful and old alike this speaks to Taro Cash. The business is endeavoring to fabricate their image message while isolating their business from their rivals (David Amanda, 2005). The general IMC methodology for Taro Cash includes the advancement of a personality for the company as a different substance from other clothing retailers. Usage of this IMC plan will bring about expanded reach and effect of services through the expanded help of the company. It is fundamental that all correspondence be a bit of an integrated marketing exertion. Everything that begins from the affiliation must have a comparable look and feel, which will transmit into a brand picture. Integrated marketing communications will yield exponentially higher results than the entire of individual communications executed autonomously. Given the examination of Taro Cash, its opposition, and accessible open doors, the researcher has created objectives to help the methodology of the IMC plan. Give service to 3,400 customers each month Increment of the awareness point by 50% in appraisal of the market Produce monthly media range for Taro Cash as well as its occasions Acquire 20 novel guests for each day to site Acquire 40 new fans on their social media pages every month A positioning philosophy is a stamping plan or procedure which chips away at the delegate levels of client mindfulness, where suggestions and affiliations even of individual words genuinely hold weight (David Amanda, 2005). A market situating methodology depends on business data and tries to influence the correct time to out of words to alter thoughts of partition, capability, and comparability in a united brand-account. It is a whole deal push to solidify the character of an association, and its things or services, in an excellent space inside the minds of the objective group. It is a made undertaking for a brand to isolate itself from the gathering and affect the manner in which their target gathering of people sees them. Market positioning was first presented by Eyun?Jung Linda (2012). The idea was later advanced by Hsu (2011). The book depicts the positioning procedure as a sorted out framework for finding a window in the client's psyche, given correspondence can just happen at the opportune time and under the correct conditions. The technique is best isolated into its way to keep the thought as fundamental as would be judicious. Nonetheless, don't expect that knowing the methods makes execution straightforward. It takes a great deal of clarity and conviction to finish. Knowing the methods should help with the clarity part, yet a conviction is something that must be created inside if it does not start at now exist. It is basic for sponsors to accumulate the conviction of the relationship since completing the method to the end makes degrees of sureness pushing ahead that can't be substituted some other manner (Lucia et al., 2017). Many companies out there get by without much conviction and without a submitted showcase position method. Regardless, without some level of affirmation and conviction, most associations will over the long haul default to the current situation when the waters get harsh. It will not have a place. Nevertheless, the people who can complete the technique to the end will find that every action that takes after transforms into an announcement of the market situating system. According to Kim et al. (2013), the market is situating or positioning follows these fundamental advances shown below: Write a positioning explanation Four straightforward analyses are there that produce a plan of fundamental certainties regarding the personality of a company. The expression of positioning in the market is the consequence of linking those certainties to an important configuration. Investigate to recognize a specific exclusivity Changes concerning correspondence and informing methodology channels, besides those of competitors, divulge opportunities in the market which a positioning message should address. Contender examination Dissecting and investigating the opposition decides the qualities and shortcomings of business compared to the opposition. Understanding the contrasts between a business and its rivals is vital to discovering holes/gaps in the marketplace which can be occupied. Decide current position Choosing a current market position is just as fundamental as any contender examination. That is because a company needs to comprehend their market position to have the capacity to vie for their portion appropriately. Contender positioning examination An accomplice to the contender investigation, contender positioning examination recognizes the states of the market that impact how much power contenders can work out. Build up an exceptional positioning thought With all the logical information close by, a company ought to have a superior thought of their identity, and the best gathering of people. It is an ideal opportunity to create an impression about those actualities. Test the viability of image positioning Testing philosophy will comprise of subjective and quantitative information gathering, for the most part, controlled by the means before this, however, may incorporate concentration gatherings, reviews, inside and out meetings, ethnography, surveys, and so forth. The consequences of the testing should then be evaluated against an arrangement of criteria (Paswan, 2012). Segments and Target Market Distinguishing target gatherings of people is principal to great marketing communications. It is basic practice in marketing to underscore the significance of the target showcase. However, this must be taken further in marketing communications. Target markets portray clients the general population who purchase products and enterprises. They likewise depict shoppers the general population who truly utilize or devour the merchandise and ventures. Infrequently clients and buyers are similar individuals however regularly they are most certainly not. In family consumable buys and modern buys, for instance, the clients of items are not the same as the purchasers. It bodes well in marketing communications to consider speaking with the two purchasers and clients if the communications exertion is to be best. For instance, in advancing toys, the marketing communications exertion might be centered around guardians and youngsters, and they may do as such in altogether different ways. A marketi ng communications plan centered along these lines might be more similar to two plans integrated together (Robert Timothy, 2011). In any case, we have to go even more! We have to go past the target showcase in deciding the target gatherings of people. We have to consider who else might be engaged with the buying choice or who else may impact it. If we can impact the influencers at that point, there is a more noteworthy probability that our communications will be fruitful. Consequently, target gatherings of people can incorporate individuals from the exchange, conclusion pioneers, individuals from the media, representatives, clubs, and affiliations, close relatives and uncles and any other individual who is important. In the advertising calling, they allude to all these conceivable gatherings as 'publics.' It is not necessarily the case that everyone is chosen as a major aspect of the target gathering of people gathering. These individuals or publics shape the marketing communications 'fragments' (similarly as in showcase division) from among whom our picked targets must be chosen (Manfred Stefanie, 2017). The essential crowds or audience comprise of those individuals prone to trying new clothes every season for Taro Cash to lengthen its achievement; it should have sustenance from loyal customers. This research is certainly on a particular target group to whom activities of marketing should be organized. 18-35-year-old men High School diploma or advanced education Unmarried No children Personal income of less than $20,000 Geographic: Australia and New Zealand Communication Marketing Mix and Media Mix Manfred Stefanie (2017) characterizes deals advancement or sales promotion as 'marketing exercises normally particular to a day and age, place or customer gathering, which empower an immediate reaction from shoppers or marketing mediators through the offer of extra advantages. Semeni considers it to be the work of motivational techniques for the making of direct responses inside a purchaser, exchange or business advertising. ke Christian (2017) make this qualification: where publicizing offers motivation to purchase, deals advancement offers an impetus to purchase. Deals advancement impacts on IMC from various perspectives, with the most outstanding being the effects on buy conduct; appropriation (having the correct item or service at the perfect time at the opportune place in the perfect sum); drawing in shoppers and urging them to buy; as well as the effect of bundling, evaluating. As per Victoria Helen (2013), three principle ranges for deals advancement happen. It is clear that sales promotion is an activity centered marketing occasion, the motivation of which is to affect the conduct of buyers directly. Accentuation is additionally put on sales promotion being seen as a motivation, which can be produced by either a push or a force methodology. Push procedures allude to the promotion that is coordinated toward exchange individuals with an end goal to urge them to deal with items. Force techniques are the consequence of an association's effective publicizing and sales promotion exertion that is coordinated at the shopper (Mart Gergely, 2017). Thus, sales promotion is persistently developing in importance, basically as far as the accompanying eight key components: Expanded respectability (demonstrable skill) and the developing energy of retailers; Expanded motivation obtaining (through in-store promotions); Diminishing time skylines (time weight makes quick reactions alluring, particularly through the Internet); Miniaturized scale marketing approaches (more custom fitted and targeted correspondence) Declining brand confidence expanded rivalry and brand expansion (caused by more noteworthy decision; more brands which require remarkable separation; the narrowing of saw contrasts amongst brands; and the expanded appeal of retailers' own-name items, that is, 'no-name brands'); Escalating impact (when the company coordinate their adversaries' sales promotions) as well as temporary effort; Reasonableness (promotions permit national scope at a lower cost) and interest for responsibility (that is, weight on advertisers to legitimize their presence) Intelligence or interactivity (that is, the expansion in intelligent media, for example, interactive television and the Internet) The primary points of sales promotion are to draw in new customers; to fortify rehash buys; to invigorate bigger buys; to build store movement, and to present another item or service. These points ought to be founded on the requirements of the purchasers. Sales promotion contains a scope of strategies that can be utilized to accomplish financially savvy sales or marketing destinations by increasing the value of an item or service for the advantage of its mediators or end clients (Michael et al., 2016). Publicizing or advertising has been the clearest type of marketing correspondence. Bakerds presents a wide meaning of publicizing as advancement by means of a promotion in a picked promoting medium, ensuring presentation to a general or particular target group of onlookers, as an end-result of a publicizing rate charged by the media proprietor in addition to the cost of creating the commercial'. To be more particular, promoting is the plan, paid for, non-individual introduction of data identified with an item, service or thought to a large number of existing and planned buyers through the broad communications with the point of making awareness, inducing, illuminating or potentially reminding the target group of onlookers (Natalie Derina, 2012). Moreover, advertising is alluded to by a few researchers as a 'mindfulness manufacturer.' Promoting is an innovative, mass-correspondence process. Its goal is to impart a thought; change or strengthen a mentality; or give vital data about a s pecific item or service. The publicizing procedure includes the accompanying advances/steps, delineated in the figure below. Figure 1: The advertising process of Taro Cash Basic Budget Concepts The financial plan for this Integrated Marketing Communication plan was controlled by undertaking a focused mode. Such a strategy embraces established objectives, determining the errands essential for meeting the objectives, as well as assessing the expenditures of the undertakings. The dollar approach was taken given estimations of costs, purchasing a domain for a website, and flyers, pamphlets, and business cards in addition to buying media space and SEO services. Taking into account an expansion in printing and random costs, the marketing communications spending plan is $5,840. The usage of this plan fills in as a pattern for future spending plans/budgets. Domain for the website (paid annually) $100 Outsourcing search engine optimization (SEO) $500 Flyers pamphlets $100 Business cards $140 Buying media space $5,000 TOTAL $5,840 Table 1: Budget for the IMC plan Evaluation Metrics It is critical to have systems for appraisal or assessment for each objective to decide the reasonability of the IMC design. The underlying four targets are quantifiable and are viably trailed by in-store staff at Taro Cash. A step by step assessment of cash confirmation, clients served will take care of business in following monetary and non-money related pay. This data should be accumulated toward the complete of consistently. A free service from Google filters the web for particular words, it is known as Google Alerts. Furthermore, the interests are shown by sorts, for example, blogs or news then the ensuing data is delivered email immediately or step by step. The reference to Taro Cash in some blog or article should be printed and kept in a media cover. Using Google Analytics for the online assessment of the IMC plan will give the capacity to assemble appraisals concerning the website. Another useful tool from Google is termed as Google Analytics. It monitors movement, from the point it began to the data that is most outstanding in addition to what people are typing into the search engine to discover a relevant site. The assembly of information from the internet should be circulated monthly then placed in the IMC sheet. Conclusion Integration of marketing communications is fundamental if the full advantages and effect of marketing communications are to be accomplished. Despite the fact that integration is not another idea, it is one that is progressively being perceived and esteemed. Many individuals underscore integration as the 'pulling together' of the components of the limited time blend. While this is an essential part of the integration, it is only one of numerous conceivable contemplations which have been recognized in this part as 'highlights' of integrated marketing communications. Practically speaking, it is hard to accomplish integration in its vastest sense. However, inability to do so may bring about an absence of collaboration as well as, more adversely, is counter-profitable communications. A critical piece of integrated marketing communications is its administration and management. While this is critical for IMC achievement, those qualities spoke to in and through IMC affect the way individuals experience, decipher and share their commercial center encounters. Keeping in mind the end goal to draw in IMC with conviction, the ramifications of an esteem loaded way to deal with run further than an incentive as constituted being used or trade since they rise out of living respectively. What's next in IMCthe prophetic voice of an age prominent in its proclivity towards engagement as an immoderate practicemay include an adaptable, hermeneutic approach went for the intentional and guileful sanctioning of the interchange between the customer, an item or potentially service, and an association in a given authentic minute. Recommendations Integrated marketing communications as an idea and as training have progressed toward becoming progressively mainstream over late years. Numerous scholastics advocate integration and numerous individuals from the communications business announce the requirement for more prominent integration. While perceiving the call for more noteworthy integration, this section has distinguished a scope of components that either empowers integration or present obstructions to its accomplishment. Curiously, a significant number of the reasons empowering the development of integrated marketing communications is remotely determined they are factors outside the control of associations, customers, and organizations. Components repressing integration are as often as possible inside, organizationally determined which is regularly inside the control of administration to overcome if there is a will to do as such. In both hypothesis and application, this welcomes IMC into a web of connections. More than a conclusive approach (e.g., back to front or outside-in), IMC must remain buyer educated and thought driven. A proactive engagement of the shopper through thoughts expands the potential for a genuine gestalt engagement of IMC in which the entire winds up plainly more prominent than the entirety of its parts. Working from inside a system that aides not manages will enable IMC to stay pertinent and proceed with its dispersion in the commercial center. Against any government, an esteem arranged center from which to found IMC programs calls for more noteworthy intelligent planning that includes the transactions of Taro Cash, its item, and the gathering of people in a given authentic minute. References ke F. Christian G. (2017). Communication-in-use: customer-integrated marketing communication. European Journal of Marketing, 445-463. Anna T. Perry, Telin S. Chung. (2016). Understand attitude-behavior gaps and benefit-behavior connections in Eco-Apparel. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 20(1), 105-119. David P. Amanda B. (2005). Intergrated Marketing Communications (Second ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited. Eyun?Jung Ki, Linda C. Hon. (2012). Causal linkages among relationship quality perception, attitude, and behavior intention in a membership organization. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 17(2). Fillis, I. (2010). The art of the entrepreneurial marketer. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 87-107. Hsu, Y. (2011). Design innovation and marketing strategy in successful product competition. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 223-236. Kim MacKenzie, Sherrena Buckby, Helen Irvine. (2013). Business research in virtual worlds: possibilities and practicalities. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 352-373. Lucia P. , Salvador Del B. Philip J. Kitchen. (2017). Measuring integrated marketing communication by taking a broad organisational approach: The firm-wide IMC scale. European Journal of Marketing, 692-718. Manfred B. Stefanie S. (2017). Integrated marketing communication from an instrumental to a customer-centric perspective. European Journal of Marketing, 464-489. Mart O. Gergely N. (2017). Just doing it: theorising integrated marketing communications (IMC) practices. European Journal of Marketing, 490-510. Michael J. Valos, Fatemeh H. Habibi, Riza C., Carl B. Driesener Vanya L. Maplestone. (2016). Exploring the integration of social media within integrated marketing communication frameworks: Perspectives of services marketers. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 19-40. Natalie T.J. Tindall, Derina H. (2012). Toward an integrated model of communication: the case of South Africa. Journal of Communication Management, 371-387. Paswan, A. (2012). Gender, Design and Marketing. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 456-457. Philip J. Kitchen Inga B. (2015). Integrated marketing communication: making it work at a strategic level. Journal of Business Strategy, 34-39. Prakash K. Vel Ricky S. (20100). Megamarketing an event using integrated marketing communications: the success story of TMH. Business Strategy Series, 371-382. Robert L. Harrison, Timothy M. Reilly. (2011). Mixed methods designs in marketing research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 7-26. Robyn, B. (2010). The Bare Bones: Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communication. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 566-566. Satish K. Mittal, Rajesh Pillania. (2014). Business Research in India. Journal of Management Development, 68-74. Victoria Magrath, Helen McCormick. (2013). Marketing design elements of mobile fashion retail apps. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 115-134. Watkins R., Meisers M.W Visser Y. (2012). A guide to assessing Needs, Tools for collecting information, making decisions and acheiving development results. Washington: World Bank Publications

How did art deco influence Essay Example

How did art deco influence Essay Different eras have different historical backgrounds and as a result there is usually an impact on society.Historical events affect the way people live and interact with their surroundings. As a result art and design is generally affected as the two are so closely linked with peoples thoughts, feelings and emotions.Art deco style became popular during the inter-war period of the 1920s and 30s, although the style really began around 1908.This was a time where many important events took place and in this essay I intend to discuss how they influenced the design style and if the birth of art deco had any influences itself. In the years 1914 to 1918 the First World War took place.It had a great impact on society, as so many lives were lost and so much devastation was caused.People had never experienced so much turmoil.It affected all classes of society, the rich and poor everyone had been affected in some way.After the war there was a united feeling in Britain.The war had been won and bro ught great optimism to everyone.People believed that a better world could be constructed and the feeling that a revolution in design was beginning grew stronger.People wanted to forget the war and the bad times that had just passed and revel in something new and modern.The atmosphere only encouraged designers to be different and to create new and exciting things that had never been seen before.There was a feeling that the world should now be more efficient.Previously so much thought and effort was put into the ornamentation of an object, in art deco this almost became irrelevant and the function more important as designers embraced efficiency.The designs accentuated the objects purpose, which I feel became its ornamentation.I think this made people appreciate an objects design and this helped drive an ever increasing level of consumerism, all people wanted to buy into this idea that they were also new and

How to Write a Perfect CNA Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect CNA Resume (Examples Included) it seems to be a constant refrain that there’s a shortage of good nurses out there to keep up with the medical demands of a rapidly aging, growing, and changing population. as the demand spikes for nurses, we’re also seeing more opportunities for a related, similarly ins)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Philosophy and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophy and Society - Assignment Example Men benefit from philosophy through defining the sense of the world. Different theories are on hand and more theories are yet to be discovered. Hence, these theories allow a person to see the world in varying perspectives, providing different perceptions and allowing one to establish his or her own standards which can help him make the best decision for his self. Contemplating and deciding on one’s future education and career is more rational through philosophy. Having a philosophy in life aids in having a clearer vision of what one wishes to believe in, what one wishes to pursue and where path one wishes to go. Philosophy is in great correlation with ethics as ethics gives one an idea on what you ought to do in a particular situation and why one ought to do it. Moreover, philosophy also aids in discovering one’s self. The main value of philosophy is thinking and questioning the realities of the world like why one does a thing and why one does not. According to Bertrand Russel, â€Å"The man who has no tincture of philosophy goes through life imprisoned in the prejudices derived from†¦habitual beliefs of his age or his nation† (Carroll, n.d.). Philosophy opens windows and doors that lead to continually liberate man’s mind from certain beliefs passed on by their forbearers by discovering one’s perception of the world. The importance of philosophy lives in every individual’s desire to seek knowledge, learn and unravel the mysteries of the world. This further leads into innovation, progress and development of the self and of the world where one lives. One’s thoughtfulness fuel the need to continuously see beyond what is visible, listen beyond what is audible and think beyond what is

China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

China - Essay Example In looking at Chinas future role in the international relations, one may argue that economic and political changes within China will have an impact on its international status. This has been clearly seen in recent years as China has started participating in international affairs evidently as influenced by political changes and vast economic growth. China’s democratic changes in relation to growth Despite the fact that China has maintained an autocratic society for a very long time, it has had to change certain forms of governance that reflect values of a democratic society. The Communist Party that is in rule today is not the same with the one that ruled several decades ago in terms of its political visions and leadership. The question of whether the subsequent down turn and rise of China’s economy has any effect on the country’s democratic changes can be better understood if analyzed from an economist’s perspective. This shows that China’s possible growth from 2000 could have slowed annually by almost 10 percent up to 2010 when it would reach approximately 6.5 percent mainly between the years 2018 to 2022. Economists also added that the above analysis is consistent with the second 2010-quarter slowdown. The implication that the success in China’s economy is mainly derived from a rapid and efficiently massive global embrace of global economy by a regime that is of a close communist (Etzioni 540). This can be explained as that it refutes the very idea that China grew due to its system of a one party system that stems from a single snap shot mistake in time at the shifting trends understanding. It is clear that the economy of China never took off due to the authoritarian characteristics of its leaders but mainly due to the liberal reforms in its politics in the 1980’s that tended to be less authoritarian. Signaling an improvement to the countries private property environment is one of the first acts the reform lead ers embraced. They also implemented meaningful political reforms and all the said political reforms in the 1980’s like the strengthening of the National People’s Congress, mandatory retirement of government officials, experiments in rural self-government, legal reforms and loosening control of civil society groups. The countries media also in the early years gained more freedom this timing was vital since through the above stated liberalism in the country’s political arena led or accompanied the country towards its recorded exponential economic growth. In this aspect even though the reforms never appeared overnight t5he economic and political reforms are directly and mutually intertwined rather than being contrary to each other and this explanation shows how they are vital to the country’s economic and constant growth (Xiao 3). The main reasons that could be articulated to the drastic decline would be that the country has either managed the normal occurre nce of a natural landing that happens when an economy is growing and to reach other advanced economies or China has fell into the trap of a middle income mainly that of aborted industrialization. In the 1990s the first cases scenario played out in South Korea, and it occurred in Japan in the 1970s. It can be argued that DRCs 10 percent growth after 35 years is at last also being duplicated in China. The likelihood of this claim can be arrived by reasoning that the infrastructures potential for investments has conspicuously contracted, with its

The Impact of Self Interest in Relation to Change Essay

The Impact of Self Interest in Relation to Change - Essay Example Change is a  crucial  part of  our  lives. Change in organizations is also an  important  factor. In the words of Arthur Schopenhauer, â€Å"Change alone is continuous, eternal and perpetual.† According to this assertion, the permanency and inevitability of change can neither be underrated nor overemphasized (Smollan, 2011). The fact that not all change is  positive  should not  deter  individuals from embracing change. However, change must be approached from an informed point of view. Both the proponents and opponents of change must  appreciate  that all change tags along discomforts and drawbacks. This essay will  seek  to address the impact of self interest as a motivator that inspires change (Robbins & Judge, 2011). According to Machiavelli’s â€Å"†¦. there is nothing harder and hazardous, or more uncertain of success, than an effort to introduce a new sequence of  things†¦for  the pacesetter has for enemies all those who benefit from the status quo whilst those who support the new †¦will be but lukewarm defenders.† This quote thus suggests that the introduction of change in any setting faces some  level  of resistance (Robbins & Judge, 2011). ... ge† must be achieved.  Resistance to change alludes to the action adopted by individuals and groups when they  sense  that a change that is happening as a threat to them (Cartwright, 2005, p. 301).  This  resistance  is encountered  within organizations, although it can also be found in other places.  Man’s habitual tendency to tread the path of least resistance bars him from accepting change.  In an organization, this  resistance  can also be deemed  positive. Resistance to change affords a  level  of  stability  and certainty of behavior by preventing  abrupt  change. Absence of such resistance would lead to a  situation  of chaotic randomness within the organization. In an attempt to  discuss  the causes of resistance, this paper will  classify  the causes into; individual resistance,  group  resistance  and organizational resistance (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Individual resistance Individual resistance arises due to conflicting perceptions, needs and personalities.  Most of the reasons as to  why such resistance occurs may be  lucid  or emotional. The reasons for  individual  resistance  are listed  hereunder: Economic reasons In an  organization,  when a new technology  is introduced, the technology will  encounter  some  level  of resistance. The employees may  dread  that the new technology will  render  them  jobless. Usually, new technology necessitates  further  training  and replacement of  unskilled  staff  by  skilled  staff  and  therefore, the employees will  oppose  the change. In organizations where the rate of pay  is pegged  on the workers productivity, the workers may fear that the new technology will cause them  miss  their  production  targets and thus  lower  their earnings Psychological factors The psychological factors that  breed  resistance

Deprivation of Land Ownership

Deprivation of Land Ownership The surest way to deprive a peasant of his land is to give him a secure title and make it freely negotiable. R Schickele 1962, cited in Tim Hanstad, Designing Land Registration Systems for Developing Countries Am. U. Intl L. Rev. 13 (1997) 667. Discuss. Some see land dispossession as the cornerstone of the past colonial key economic and political policies that has lead to the capitalism as we see it. Land dispossession is not only established on land grab by use of force but also has been intensified by new innovative types of property and property regulation, confirming some of the Loakean philosophies of property and its relationship to society and its diverse make of ethnicity and race. Furthermore the title also suggests that there is a relationship between dispossession and social and economic standing within society. This article shall examine the broader implication of the above quotation and try to examine the relationship between the powerfuls (those who are economically and or socially superior to the other) ability to deprive the lesser from their land and whether or not there are any obstacles in their way, or has the whole structure been set up been set up as the title suggest to make it easier. To understand the above assertion it may be necessary to understand a capitalist approach to land and dispossession and before that we need to understand registration in context of this question and its historical development. Does this question suggest that dispossession of land is an exclusive relation between the rich and the poor, or is the relation more complex and less sinister than is been suggested. To make sense of this the article will try to first break it down to its component parts and then try to piece it together. Nevertheless ownership of land is a natural phenomenon in our societies, however in the scheme of human history this is a new development. , in the long sweep of human existence, it is a fairly recent invention. Many question arise from this statement, that where did these ideas originate, what is really ownership of land, and how can it be that a line drawn on the land by a sword can denote ownership and control. These assertion in our modern society are alien, as land ownership is so ingrained into our psyche. Surely before you are dispossessed or deprived if something you must have owned it or had rights to it first. Pre-Registration Before title registration there was John Locke. In his writings Two Treaties of Government[1] Locke summarise prehistory on land and ownership as a God (the god of the Abrahamic religions) given inheritance to the Children of Men[2] in common, this is a superstition that in this scenario one can or has a right to own land or a right to own land. However this is not John Lockes view on ownership of land. His starting position is that man has an ownership in himself[3] which is exclusive to him against all others. Then he states that that a mans physical labouring and what he creates from his own hands is also his own exclusive ownership. What Locke then goes on to summarise profoundly that then what he toils on the land and what he produces then becomes his own property too and becomes excluded from common ownership[4]. In summary what Locke can be summed up to say is that if man build a house on the land it is his house and if he works the land because of his labour it is his land, a nd thus the philosophy of Locke can be used to ascribe prehistory ownership of land. Agriculture made the mans connection to the earth more intense. Tilling the soil, making homesteads and communities all contributed to a more direct investment in the land. Nonetheless this was not the ownership of land as we know it. Historical context is incredibly significant, in particularly with concerns to land ownership, this is important and history of land entitlement started in the United Kingdom and was exported to its colonies. This history is important to the context of this article as the histories of many dispossessed people are from the former colonies. While land was owned by the Anglo-Saxon in England prior to the invasion of England in 1066, it was William the First that usurp the land and redistributed it to his loyalist in favour for services rendered and to be rendered[5]. He devised tenures, the kings loyal man provided him with services which might be providing horsemen and other personal who did the kings business, tenure. The ownership of the land thus remained with the crown. This was the preserve of the Common Law. In Pottages writing[6] The Measure of Land, he describes the archaic ways land conveyancing took place in the past (pre-registration documentation of land ownership). He describes the lengths to which potential owners would have to good to try and get good (or better) title to the land they wished to own. This could be by medieval turf cutting[7]with a sword, or to hold fate and events as to instil it into the memory of the local as a symbolic time so that the event could denote the day the land changed owners, this grew to a stage that to have good title would mean that the possessor would have as much historical documentation as trusts in writing to prove if there were a dispute that the possessor had better title, however any possessor could be dispossessed regardless of the quantity of documents at hand if someone put up a document that may show that they had had the better title by whatever means and that that hadnt to date been extinguished. Yes complicated and fraught with pit falls. Possession at that time was the first evidence towards ownership, coin the phrase that possession was nine tenth of the law accurate alluding to the fact that that one tenth could still dispossess you if you had not covered or collected all the information. However the earliest ownership of the land is near enough historically impossible to prove, so long as you had enough retrospective history on the property in your possession you would be unlikely to be dispossessed of it. The prospective buyer would need to be satisfied the chain of ownership could be evidenced to a specific point in time, before 1875 this would have been 60 years[8], in genealogical terms approximately four generations. Long lines of historical record to the ownership of land would cement the ownership of the land and the elite families that owned them. This supposition established the elite classes ownership of estate. The longer these few families kept possession of the land the more it hid in some case highly contested and disputes over land[9]. Registration In an article written by Keenan[10], she says that title registration has become recognised as a modern globalising trend in land law. Keenan say that these measures are being readily and free being accepted by governments in greater numbers across a multitude of jurisdictions globally, and where it is not being done then the world bank and the International Monetary Fund are demanding it as parts of global deals whether the purpose it to unify or make easier land acquisition we can only speculate. With the induction of the industrial revolution, came the need and the demand for more secure ownership of land. During the 1700s law relating to real property stagnated in statutory terms, however doctrine continued to evolve by judges in the courts, for example under judges like Lord Nottingham (from 1673-1682), Lord King (1725-1733), Lord Hardwicke (1737-1756), Lord Henley (1757-1766), and Lord Eldon (1801-1827) . As the industrial revolution took hold globally and trade expanded, the influence of new money of the business and industrial classes was also growing, and the once dominant wealth and political clout of the landed gentry was in decline. Adam Smith discussed in his book The Wealth of Nations that the land owners were able demand and take rent from others for very little cost in monetary term . Through the 1800s there were many attempts at trying to replace the document based ownership to some kind of registration system. The colonialist settlers living in the colonies had a different experience of societal and political experience than those who were back in England. At the time the settlements were being colonised in North America and Australia[11] by the British. As land was being possessed, occupied or settled in the colonies, a form of legal confirmation was needed in order to give the settlers security and title. So in 1857, Robert Torrens the prime minister of South Australia decided that he was going to dedicate his time in land reform and in particular to develop a land registration system for transfer of land in the colonies. He had indentified that on occasions the English system of land conveyance was sometimes more costly than the cost the land itself[12]. The Torrens System In discussing the establishment system of title and the induction of Torrens, it is helpful study the background and direction of what Torrens wanted to establish once he finally established the system in South Australia[13]. There are important difference between what was happening in the past and the Torrens system, crucially the biggest change from the past was to create centralisation registration of the Title. The reason was to combat the past systems failing and in particular the skewed character of the old system and to create a safer alternative on the central system[14]. Torrens was of the opinion that the old system was completely redundant and not fit for purpose[15] and because of this Torrens set up the new and better and principally fair system. The idea Torrens based his system on was originated on the Mirror Principle, Curtain Principle and also the insurance Principle[16]. The words may suggest the Mirror Principle in the reflection of the ground realities and the fa cts around the owners title, the Curtain Principle would hide any defects and therefore the purchaser could rely exclusively on the just having the registration document and finally the Insurance Principle underwriting any possible errors and providing compensation when a mistakes occurs[17], what this gave was provided was assurance of title and ease of use of the system. Torrens system was described as not being a system of registration of title, but being a case of title by registration[18]. One of the cornerstones key to Torrens system was something called indefeasibility, meaning the new title owner would only be liable to interest registered at the time[19]. However at the being deferred indefeasibility, was accepted[20]. What this entailed was that in case of fraud to a bona fide buyer, indefeasibility was not granted until both and blameless owner and an blameless buyer were present. This was however later overturned in court[21]. The success[22] of the system comes down it simplicity. To avoid the difficulties for the buyer when doing legal searches, Torrens Mirror principle was established. This did not give any guarantee of validity but simply provided priority if valid[23]. As Keenan says in her article, on this same subject, that, the Torrenss system made it simpler, cost effective and speedier for investors to re-sale the property for the investors then before the Torrens system was introduced. English Land Registration The first formal land registration system came about in the in England four years after the establishment of Torrens system in 1862. These were followed by two further Acts in 1875 and 1897[24]. Then in 1925, the Law of Property Act 1925 was passed and enacted. The big difference between the two systems was that PLA 1925 allowed for overriding interests, like easements[25], squatters rights[26], and lease with terms of 21 years or less[27], these were similar to some of the indefeasibility expressed in the Torrens system. Dispossession By Torrens Because of Torrens and the Curtain principle any previous historical connections with interest in and any entitlement thereto where hidden behind the curtain once the land was registered. Once registered anything that came before vanished[28], the people how did have the said relationships could effectively become trespassers on the land that they freely roamed or lived in historically. The Torrens system found great favour by other colonialist and spread quickly through the colonies like an epidemic. Dispossession The idea of dispossession has been insidious in the writings of academics and campaigners who want investigate, write detail of and confront ethnic capitalism. The cruelty of dispossession includes and is not restricted to, being dispossessed of property whether it is your land or your home, country, your tools and resources of survival, your historical back ground, language and your own person, your character, can describe in one way or a combination of ways a large number of the global populous at the currents times. The spread of imperialism across the world has not been forgotten. However the aftermath of imperialism or colonialism has left its bitter scars, but also has developed into modern forms too. Modern capitalisms has its own incarnations of reasoning, influence and manifestations (collectively known as Cultures of Dispossession. From what has already described above this article can demonstrate how dispossession has become a common place which is not exclusively to economics, societal or the legal register. The various manifestations of dispossession demonstrates irregular effects of hundreds of years of capitalist accumulation focused around action of the possessive personage and the consequent result of ever ready onto rationally and politically dispossessed of the ability suitably own or to be free. The sexual orientation/ gender and rascality is not merely dependent but are the construct of this article in the sense that these are features that are re-occurring theme in dispossession. Holistically this article is demonstrating that dispassion by title is just ones means by which dispossession happens. By concentrating on means on the ways of dispossession as one of the clear modes of authority of colonial capitalist arrangement, in this article we have already looked at judicial machinery used to dispossess. In the alternative possession has to be in the realms of the judicial belongs ideologically to a spatial sphere, that takes into account current political and economic thinking in a verity of ways. However the focus of the nest section shall be on dispossession by design. Foreclosure K-Sue Park in the article Money Mortgages and Conquest of America, highlights a discussion of foreclosure, the modern phenomena of dispossession. When the colonialist settled in America they developed on the English law that they had inherited by virtue of their origins, to develop and create their own individual and unique model taking into account and adopting to the new ground realities of a conquered land[29]. Furthermore the development of mortgage in America, followed one fundamental constructive change across the settlers kingdom (the colonies) and that was the how simple foreclosure had become (was it by default or design?) on land, bordering on land being dealt with in the same way as chattels, which was a contrast from the difference of land and chattel had be maintained in the old English system[30]. Academics have made it apparent that the everyday threat of repossession (the English word used for the America for dispossession) in the way mortgages are practiced by way of a uniquely American colonial notion[31]. The narrow window from which the American historian view their own historical prospective of property/mortgages dealings, illustrated ho that the transaction by enlarge occurs amongst white European / American during the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth century. The alterations in mortgage can be described as happening earlier then some historians mention, and the interpretation of that is to assume the acceptance that the relaxed and unimpeded, prevalent repossession first happened on connection with dispossession of the natives. On the onset it has to be understood the originality of the American mortgage, and it is also crucial to realise that extremely lasting practice of protecting individual association to land in English property law before settlers left to colonise. The deeply held principle predilection was mirrored by limitations found uniquely in English mortgages. Before the seventeenth century, at the time the first British settlers setup colonies in America, it was near on impossible to detach someone from his land because of debt dealing through English law.[32] Previously the earliest documented use of land to secure debt was established an instrument known as the gage[33]. From the inception of debts incurring a cost of interest payments as a type of usury at this period, English lenders who are allowed to a gage, were allowed to collect the rents and the fruit of the land[34]. The benefits granted to lenders at that time, is not without difficulty able to connect the right and duties that exi st by law in estate currently, the benefits ordained to those lenders of the past emanate directly from the charged land. A chief justice of the king of England in the twelfth century, explained and identified two types of gages the living gage and the dead gage or the Vif gage and the Mort gage[35]. In the Vif gage the lend and adjoin the fruits and rents towards the debt with the expectation to reduce the debt. By contrast if you had the mort gage the leader is forbidden from collecting the fruit or other reciprocal benefits to reduce the amount of debt but can be accumulated as a profit to the amount of loan.[36] As the mort gage was the system that that avoided the prohibition on interest, it become the chosen gage[37]. At the beginning the right of the lender was surprisingly a feeble, but with the course if time have more likely have been able to possession for the duration of a loan. Scholar of business institute are brought closer to affiliation with the law because of the closeness of the connection actions of the association and the drama intrinsic in the great efforts among and bounded by partners.[38] Conclusion It must firstly be stated that the study of dispossession id fraught with complexities, more difficult it such a complex area is from the myriad of information and the intricate and complex writing out there, it is difficult for the author to stay focus, rather than what is likely to occur of vying off at tangent only to rein oneself back in. The conclusion for this article has to come from the writing of one of the best pieces written work read by this author, and that is from Sarah Keenans Smoke Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of race Through Time and Title Registration[39]. Why? Because Keenan has been able to stay extremely focused on the theme through-out and written a great article. Nevertheless this author has the perilous task to follow that. The main feature of this article has been the development of title registration systems and how they all seem to be linked and woven from the same cloth. Registration was developed by the forced necessity of an overly complex, convoluted system that still left the buyer at risk even after investing huge amounts of time and money. The irony of the old system is that it could dispossess some one of their title by default as the system had no safety net, there should have been a label on the old system that alway read buyer be weary. Secondly we discovered that the landed gentry liked the old system so much that we discovered to this they hold property in the old way, where it is passed down from generation to generation described by Keenan as a multi generational monopoly of estate ownership. We learnt that the same gentry that owned the land also were the politician that had to bring in law reforms. It took nearly eighty years from when the idea was first floated to the inception of the Law of Property Act 1925. The comparable and original practical system was introduced in South Australia by Torrens. While it was in principle and prima facia a good system, the undertones and its net affects were very dark indeed. Torrens system was easy to use, it was quick and it was cost effective. But in its creation was hidden the mechanism by which the aboriginal indigenous people would be dispossesses. Torrens was notably the same man who previously had dispossessed the poor Irish farmers in the Potato famine, and gave t he titles cheaply to the gentry. It may be easy to dispossess a poor man by giving him a title and then freely negotiating his property from him for next to no value. However why go through all the that when it can be done by a doctrine formulated by Torrens, this document was so popular in what it could do that it was adopted very quickly in the colonies and whole nations of indigenous people were dispossessed, whether in Australia, Canada, America, India or Africa. A discussion was tried to be articulated in this article that there were other ways of easily dispossessing poor people, one being older than we might have thought, and that is by debt arrears and repossessions or as the Americans call it foreclosure. Finally it is easy to say but harder to articulate in a limited article the many ways of dispossessing the poor. [1] Page 327 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [2] Page 327 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [3] Page 328 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [4] Page 329 Chapter V, Of Property by John Locke; Two Treaties of Government first published in 1960, from his original book and additional found manuscripts. https://moodle.bbk.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/590998/mod_resource/content/1/Of%20Property.pdf [5] http://www.wwlia.org/LegalResources/UK/ID/258/History-of-Real-Estate-Law-The-Old-English-Landholding-System.aspx [6] The Measure of Land by Alain Pottage, The Modern Law Review 1994, Volume 57, pages 361-385 [7] The Measure of Land by Alain Pottage, The Modern Law Review 1994, Volume 57, page 361 [8] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [9] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [10] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [11] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [12] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan, School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016, Published 27 October 2016. [13] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [14] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [15] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 205, 206. [16] Richard Wu and Mohd Yazid Bin Zu Kepli; Expedition of Torrens system in the common law world and its Asian development in Singapore and Hong Kong ;(2012) 2 Property Law Review 99, 102. [17] Richard Wu and Mohd Yazid Bin Zu Kepli; Expedition of Torrens system in the common law world and its Asian development in Singapore and Hong Kong; (2012) 2 Property Law Review 99, 102. [18] Breskvar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376, at 385 per Barwick CJ [19] Tang Hang Wu, Beyond The Torrens Mirror: A Framework of The In Personam Exception To Indefeasibility (2008) 32 Melbourne University Law Review 672, 672. [20] Roy A. Woodman, The Torrens System in New South Wales: One Hundred Years of Indefeasibility of Title (1970) 44 The Australian Law Journal 96. [21] Frazer v Walker [1967] 1 AC 569. [22] Lynden Griggs, In Personam, Garcia v NAB and the Torrens System Are they Reconcilable? (2001) 1(1) Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 76, 86. [23] Kelvin F K Low, The Nature of Torrens Indefeasibility: Understanding The Limits Of Personal Equities [2009] 33 Melbourne University Law Review 206. [24] The Land Transfer Act 1875, 38 39 Vict, c 87; Land Transfer Act 1897, 60 61 Vict, c 65. [25] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(a). [26] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(f). [27] LRA 1925 s 70(1)(k). [28] Smoke, Curtains and Mirrors: The Production of Race Through Time and Title Registration, Sarah Keenan

Comparing Crime in Beloved, Crime and Punishment, and Utopia :: comparison compare contrast essays

Crime in Beloved, Crime and Punishment, and Utopia      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To begin with an omniscient and philosophical frame of reference, crime is only defined as crime by the society defining it.   When a mass of human beings coagulate to ¬ gether and form a civilized society, they are bound to make rules and laws to follow and bide by; for laws are one of the cornerstones of a civilized society.   If there were no laws, society would be uncivilized and in a chaotic state of anarchy.   These laws are decided and administered usually by elected officials who act as leaders in the society.   From the input of the citizens, they make laws to run the society by.   And when a person breaks the law, that is defined as a 'crime'.   For example, purposeful and alleged manslaughter is a crime, because it is a law to not kill others; people are not allowed to go cavorting around killing whomever they please, if they did, civilization would fall.   Laws and rules hold us to civilization.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another way to define crime is through ethics and morals.   Each person on this Earth possesses a conscience; when we do something wrong, our conscience makes us feel guilty, although some people feel less or more guilt than others about certain acts; it varies individually.   Based on this, one can define a crime as the things that make us feel guilty, although some crimes do not make us feel guilty.   Some people do not feel any guilt when committing immoral acts; these people are deemed psychopaths or sociopaths by society. For example, most people do not feel guilty when they break the law by speeding, its just a way of life these days, but with complex ideologies (stealing, killing), we feel guilt if they are committed.   Our consciences also hold us to civilization.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, the laws are already defined in Early Nineteenth century St. Petersburg, Russia.   Henceforth, when one breaks a law they have committed a crime and are eligible for arrest and punishment by the upholders of law in society, the police.   A particular act that is defined as criminal is that of murder. Raskolnikov knows of this very well, for he has

Peer Group Essay

1. Peer group education in formal educational settings Peer group education in schools is initiated by the teachers with the aim to subsequently give over the responsibility of the programme to the students and pupils. During the process of the programme the role of the teacher changes from initiator and teacher to facilitator and consultant, in the ideal case, the teacher should eventually become redundant for the succession of the programme. In methodological terms, this could mean teacherless groups, pairing of students, proctoring (Keller, 1968) and the opening of formal educational settings to a wider public. (Project reference in section 5: The mediation programme in schools of the Jugendbildungswerk Offenbach, Germany) Definitions ‘Peer group. Technically a peer group is any collectivity in which the members share some common characteristics, such as age or ethnicity. It most commonly refers to age groups in general, but more specifically to adolescent groups where members are closely bound together by youth culture. Adolescent peer groups tend to have: (1) a high degree of social solidarity, (2) hierarchical organisation, (3) a code which rejects, or contrasts with, adult values and experience. From an adult perspective, peer groups are often deviant because delinquency is supported by the rewards of group membership.’ (A peer is a member of a peer group.) (Abercrombie, 1988) ‘Peer group education is a method of information transference or role modeling where a particular type of behaviour is promoted or information transferred. The peer educators closely match the target group in some manner; whether it is by age, sexuality, gender, etc.’

Competition in Health Care Essay

Competition in health care is becoming a major issue, because health care organizations are fighting for the best doctors, patients are fighting for the best treatments, and insurance companies are raising their premiums. Competition is a serious problem due to bad choices being made by hospitals, health plans, and businesses. This paper will explore in more detail the reason why there is so much competition in health care and why health care is steadily rising. Describe the different forms of competition that take place among various types of health care organizations. The different forms of competition for health care organizations would be price, quality, service and convenience. Doctors are willing to take on patients who can pay for their treatments instead of patients that have way of paying. â€Å"Physicians may compete for patients who are able to pay for services and do not health insurance, or for patients who have their expenditures paid for by third party insurers so phy sicians compete on a non-price basis, based on location, colleagues’ referrals, and reputation.† (Rivers & Glover, 2010). Hospitals compete for the best doctors offering better equipment or highly trained employees. Hospitals compete also for patients where they offer better services and cheaper prices. Insurance companies compete to have the best premiums, benefits and access to great health care insurance. There is a lot of competition in health care, but what this really boils down to is how well patients are being taken care of and if they are satisfied with their choices of doctors, hospitals and health insurance. Evaluate the benefits and pitfalls of competition in health care and suggest alternatives if competition was not the primary driver of operations in the U. S. health care system. Some of the benefits of competition would be Patient’s bill of rights, insurance companies taking pre-existing conditions, wealthier people paying taxes on health insurance, medical devices, and Medicare. Other  benefits would be for those individuals who cannot afford health insurance to not be penalize d for not having insurance, and children being able to stay on their parent’s health insurance until age 26. The pitfalls of competition would be hospitals will have to be punished if a patient is readmitted after being discharged from their facility within a certain number of days. Some physicians will have to sell their practices to hospitals because of overhead. The quality of health care has decreased while the cost has increased. Another pitfall would be employers cutting their employees hours from full-time to part-time so they do not have to pay for their employee’s health insurance. â€Å"Health care reform takes small steps toward addressing this problem but trends toward pay performance and bundled payment could worsen this mismatch if they fail to account for the needs of underserved patients and practices serving them.† (Fiscella, 2011). An alternative if competition was not the primary driver would be hospitals and doctors seeing patients free of charge. Patients would not have to worry about paying co-pays or medical bills, because there would be more free clinic s offering medications for cancer treatments, diabetes and other conditions. Explain the elements of successful competition and the use of competitive intelligence. A successful competition would be hospitals and doctors coming together to perform care for patients. Competitive intelligence in health care is observing other health care organizations to see if they are alike and to figure out what their next move is. â€Å"Competitive intelligence or business intelligence is a tool of business leader, a competent central vision resulting from an extensive report about a competitor company that continually seeks to exploit its weak points, everything to avoid surprises competitive.† (Bucur & Pribac, 2010). In order for competition to be successful between hospitals, drug companies, and physicians they all need to provide cheaper prices, quality care, and discounts. Describe the influence competition has on the services offered by health care organizations and the choices patients have. The influence competition has on services from health care organizations is that every organization is different some offer certain services like MRI’s, CT scans, and lab work. While other organizations offer other types of services like rehabilitation, prenatal care, and HIV classes. Patients should always be a part of their treatment plans and they should know all the information about  the procedures that are being done on them. Patients should be allowed to choice what doctor or hospital they want to go with. Patients would like to have accessibility to doctors or specialists without having to go far away from their homes. Conclusion Health care competition is becoming the most talked about issue with hospitals and doctors. If hospitals and doctors worked together there would be fewer problems, because patients would not have to go too far to see their doctors, and they could go to the hospital of their choice. Every day there is something new being invented or used in the medical field which can be competition for all health care systems. There has to be better way to deal with all the competition that is going on in this field. References Bucur, O. N., & Pribac, L. I. (2010). Intelligence key Weapon Competitiveness. Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings, 1473-1474. Web.b.ebschost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu. Fiscella, K. (2011). Health Care Reform and Equity: Promise, Pitfalls, and Prescriptions. Annals of Family Medicine, 9 (1), 78-84. Doi: 10.1370/afm.1213 Rivers, A. P., & Glover, H. S. (2010). Health Care Competition, Strategic mission, and patient satisfaction: research model and propositions. NCBI. www.ncbi.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28656781